(i) The force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is _______________ proportional to the square of the distance between them.

(ii) The work done in moving a test charge from one point to another on an equipotential surface is _______________.

(iii) Kirchhoff’s first law (Junction rule) is based on the principle of conservation of _______________.

(iv) The force acting on a moving charge in a magnetic field is called _______________ force.

(v) The electrical resistance of an ideal voltmeter should be _______________.

(vi) The acute angle made between the geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian is termed as _______________.

(i) Electric field lines always form a continuous closed loop.

(ii) Increasing the distance between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor increases its capacitance.

(iii) With an increase in temperature, the specific resistance of semiconductors decreases.

(iv) The electromotive force (emf) of a cell can be measured completely accurately using a standard voltmeter.

(v) Utilizing a shunt reduces the sensitivity of a galvanometer.

(vi) Diamagnetic materials are strongly attracted toward the stronger parts of a magnetic field.

(i) What is the absolute value of elementary charge present on an electron?

(ii) What value is assumed for the electrical potential of the earth in reference calculations?

(iii) What is the relation between drift velocity and electric field intensity?

(iv) Write the formula for Lorentz force in vector notation.

(v) What is the magnitude of the angle of dip at the earth’s magnetic poles?

OR
What is a capacitor? Explain its basic operational working principle.

Q8. State Ohm’s law and mention any two of its primary limitations.
OR
Write the relationship between the specific resistance (resistivity) and specific conductance of a conductor.

Q9. State Biot-Savart law and give its expression in mathematical form.
OR
What is Ampere’s Circuital Law? State its clear formulation.

Q10. What is a Shunt? Write two advantages derived from its application.
OR
Differentiate between an ammeter and a voltmeter (Any two structural points).

Q11. Write any two distinct characteristics of magnetic field lines.
OR
What are magnetic elements? Name the three elements of the earth’s magnetic field.

Q12. Differentiate between paramagnetic and diamagnetic substances (Any two points).
OR
Define magnetic flux density and write its designated unit.

Short Answer Type-II Questions (Q13 to Q16, carrying 3 marks each)

Q13. State Gauss’s theorem and prove it mathematically.
OR
What is an Electric Dipole? Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point along its axial line (End-on position).

Q14. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having air as a medium between its plates.
OR
Explain the parallel combination of capacitors with a clean diagram and establish the formula for its equivalent capacitance.

Q15. What is drift velocity? Establish the structural relationship between drift velocity and electric current.
OR
Using Kirchhoff’s laws, establish the balancing condition (P/Q = R/S) for a Wheatstone Bridge circuit.

Q16. Derive an expression for the force per unit length acting between two straight parallel current-carrying conductors. When is this force attractive and when is it repulsive?
OR
How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter? Explain with the help of a circuit diagram and necessary mathematical equations.

Long Answer Questions (Q17 to Q20, carrying 4 marks each)

Q17. Prove mathematically that the net electrostatic potential at any point on the equatorial line (Broadside-on position) of an electric dipole is always zero.
OR
Using Gauss’s law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a distance ‘r’ from an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire.

Q18. Explain the fundamental working principle of a Potentiometer. Describe the method to compare the electromotive forces (E₁/E₂) of two primary cells under the following subheadings:
(a) Labeled Circuit Diagram
(b) Derivation of Formula
OR
Derive the mathematical equation establishing the structural relationship between internal resistance (r), terminal voltage (V), and electromotive force (E) of a cell.

Q19. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a rectangular current loop placed in a uniform magnetic field (τ = NIAB sinθ).
OR
Draw a neat schematic diagram of a Moving Coil Galvanometer and write the primary ways to increase its current sensitivity.

Q20. Define the magnetic parameters of the earth (T, H, V, and θ) and establish the inter-relations between them. (Prove that H = T cosθ and V/H = tanθ)
OR
Compare the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic substances based on four main parameters: magnetic susceptibility, permeability, behavior in an external field, and the effect of temperature.

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